The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered From 21 - 950 Words

We do not hand teenagers car keys without teaching them how to drive first, so why do we expect 21-year-olds to know how to drink responsibly for the first time. Law passed by congress in 1984 leaves America to being one of four countries left in the world with its drinking age at 21, while the rest of the country s drinking ages are 16 or 17 or has no age limit at all. As a part of turning 18 you are now considered a legal adult and are allowed to make the decision to vote, marry, buy tobacco products, buy guns and join the military. With all the freedom you gain all at 18 year olds, you are cut short of being able to make the decision to drink an alcoholic beverage. So are you really a legal adult? With many American citizens’ starting to change their views on the drinking age there has become more positive views than negative. With these opportunities given to us it is believed that the drinking age should be lowered from 21 to 18. There is so much controversy on whether o r not the drinking age should be lowered. This idea of lowering the drinking ages really comes when into play when kids turn 18 and are now seen as a legal adult in society. At the beginning of their adulthood, the first real taste of being an adult starts when they pack up all their things and move away from the family for the first time and start to get a glimpse of what life is going to be like living on your own. This comes with making your own decisions because no matter how close mom and dadShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered From The Age Of 21 Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered â€Å"adults† cannot even make their own decisions? The drinking age on alcohol is a controversial social and cultural issue in today’s society; all fifty states have a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age should be lowered from the age of 21 to 18 allowing young adults to be granted the right to drink in restaurants, bars, at social events, in th e comfort of their own home, and so on. If anything, lowering the legal drinking age would have a positive impact on the United Sates economyRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreControversial Analysis: Drinking Age1278 Words   |  6 PagesCarolina Quiroga April 02, 2012 Leslie Jones English 102 The Drinking Age and Young Adults. Because underage drinking is a major problem for young adults, the drinking age has become a very controversial issue. In the 1990s, the drinking age was 18, but it was changed to 21 in 1984. The Federal Government informed states to choose between raising the drinking age to 21 or foregoing highway funding. This decision obviously affected 18 to 20 year olds who could no longer buy alcoholic beveragesRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1700 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Drinking Age Act made all 50 states raise the legal drinking age to 21(Dejong). The debate is on whether the age should be lowered or not. Statistically, having the age at 21 has been very helpful in keeping the nation safe. If there is not an issue with age now, would it make sense to lower the age and create unnecessary problems? In this case, the negative effects outweigh the positive. Simply because there is no good in lowering the age. The legal drinking age has been set at 21 for 30Read MoreShould The Drinki ng Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pages Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinkingRead MoreLegalizing the Drinking Age to 181624 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing the Drinking Age to 18 When people turn to the age of eighteen, they are finally considered an adult. They can join the army, have the right to vote, buy cigarettes or tobacco products, get a tattoo and even die for our country, but they aren’t allowed to buy alcohol? A person can be responsible enough to live on his or her own, make money, pay bills, and yet they are not old enough to purchase or consume any type of alcohol. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue forRead MoreShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1253 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should the drinking age be lowered from 21 to a younger age? Ever since the end of prohibition in 1933 the United States government has placed the issue of minimum legal drinking age sensitively in the hands of the states, letting each decide for itself what the minimum age should be. At that time all agreed that the minimum legal drinking age should be 21, where it remained for all states until 1970Read MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 PagesOnce a person reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Although most people think young adults (18-year olds) areRead MoreBang! A Soldier Just Got Shot, And Most Likely P Never1676 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom of drinking? The drinking age was moved to the age of 21 in 1984 due to many drunk drivers. Now I think everyone gets the point not to drink and drive due to the serious consequences. If we lowered the drinking age underage drinking wouldn’t be as big. More money for our government will be made, therefore we can buy and reproduce more goods. The drinking age should be lowered, because it will stop binge drinking, you are considered an adult at age 18, and it helps colleges. Binge Drinking is when

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice I am a Jew a famous saying from Shylock in Merchant of Venice that clarifies the merchant brotherhood of a wealthy city. Merchant of Venice contains rascals and heroes. The audiences will soon realise that Shylock, the Jewish money lender, is shown as a villain within the wealthy city. Is this really what Shakespeare had intended? This testimony given proposes that Shylock is more of a deceitful character than what the Christian colony wants us to comprehend. In my essay I intend to explore if Shylock is really a villain or a victim of his society. Shylock is a Jew, which is why the Christians of Venice dislike him. This is shown†¦show more content†¦This is going to bring shame on Shylock in front of everyone. This is shown by Jessica saying Our house is hell (Act 2 Scene 3 Line 2) and Shylock saying She is damnd for this (Act 3 Scene 1 line 29). These quotations tell you that Jessica thinks that the rivalry of Jews and Christians is tedious. While Shylock is telling Salanio and Salarino that if Jessica runs away with Lorenzo, a Christian trader, it will bring shame on the Jewish people. The reason for this is because Shylock believes in his Jewish roots that Jews will be Jews and Christians will be Christians. A further reason why Shylock is shown as a villain is because he is intending on revenge against Antonio. The reason for this is because of the loan Shylock gave Antonio. I know that Shylock wants revenge by saying The pound of flesh which I demand of him (Act 4 Scene 1 line 99) and Ill have my bondà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Act 3 Scene 3 line 4). I choose these quotations because it shows you that Shylock set a three-month deadline to pay back three thousand ducats, and then he could have a pound of flesh from Antonio if he did not pay it back. The reason for taking Antonios bond its to do with the ill-treated manner Shylock had received from the Christians. This had made Shylock become bitter towards Christians of Venice, but instead Shylock decided toShow MoreRelatedShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1401 Words   |  6 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The play begins in Venice where the wealthy merchant Antonio is talking to his young friends about the reasons for the depression. Antonio claims not to understand himself his sad nature. Bassanio arrives with the news that he wishes to court a wealthy, beautiful heiress named Portia. In order to present himself to Portia he wants to borrow 3000 ducats. Bassanio is in terrible debt and he sees marriage to PortiaRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1694 Words   |  7 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Introduction One of the most interesting and dramatic characters in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is the rich, despised money-lending Jew Shylock. It is impossible to judge Shylock’s character by our own modern Standards, simple because Shakespeare wrote this play for play goers in Elizabethan times. This was very different to modern times for two reasons. Firstly, people watching the play would not find itRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1385 Words   |  6 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Through time there have been many successful individuals in literature writers, poets, and play writers. But many would argue that one individuals work and character has stood out from the rest and this special illustrious person being William Shakespeare. In the many dramatic pieces of theatrical production written and the diverse individuality he ahs been able to write about many characters created through greatRead MoreEssay Shylock of William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice781 Words   |  4 PagesShylock of William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Shylock is one of the main characters in Shakespeares play The Merchant of Venice, he starts in the play as an outcast of society because he is Jewish. Shylock has been forced to become a banker in his life as an inhabitant of Venice, for the fact that his religion is seen as wrong. Although Shylock is forced to become a banker he plays a vital role in the city of Venice, without Shylock the city would struggleRead MoreEssay on Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1877 Words   |  8 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice, a tragic- comedy written in the late 16th century by the greatest known English author, William Shakespeare. This is a tale set in the heart of Venice, amongst the Venetian Christians and Jews. The history of the Jews is marked by terrible hardship and atrocities; Jewish people kept up their customs and religion formed tight knit communities and became known for their intelligent hard workRead MoreCharacterizing Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1893 Words   |  8 PagesCharacterizing Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The ‘Merchant of Venice’ was written at a time when there was great prejudice towards the Jewish race. They were known for their intelligence, hard work and business acumen, which later led them to be mistreated and resented. They were made to wear distinctive clothing in order to be identified, and citizens of Venice could treat Jews in any way they wished. The Christian church also taught that JewsRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice A key feature of the play The Merchant Of Venice is the issue of whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. This issue is raised at many crucial points most of which can be separated into the categories victim or villain. Act 1 Scene 3 displays Shylock as a sensible business man. This is our first introduction of Shylock and therefore produces our first impressions. The first point where Shylocks character isRead MoreEssay Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice2094 Words   |  9 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice By the end of Act 4 scene 1, my view of Shylock is a man who wishes to get revenge at society by trying to take the flesh of a Venetian merchant because of the prejudices that are thrown at him. Shylock is a rich Jewish moneylender and a widow whose daughter has eloped with a Christian, Lancelot. Shylock is treated with the lowest kind of integrity and respect in Venice this was normal for Jews in the VictorianRead MoreSympathizing with Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1596 Words   |  7 PagesSympathizing with Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare creates an atmosphere throughout the play, which causes the audience to sympathize with Shylock. Shakespeare uses key events, and dialogue to influence the audience. At the time Shakespeare wrote his plays, and they were performed, the contemporary audience would have mainly consisted of Christians. Jews were often persecuted, as they were the minority.Read MoreShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1948 Words   |  8 PagesShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare wrote The Merchant of Venice in about 1597. It was first performed by The Chamberlains Men at the Theatre Shoreditch. The Merchant of Venice was in the repertory of Shakespeares company before they took up residence at the Globe in 1599. The play was written as a comedy, but has become a serious drama. In order to answer the question it is vital to look at the pervading

Obesity Falls Essay Example For Students

Obesity Falls Essay A growing epidemic is sweeping through the developed world, threatening millions with disability and death: obesity. Epidemic may sound exaggerated, but the facts speak for themselves: 154 million people worldwide are obeseor more than 20% are over their ideal body weightincluding more than 50% of all Americans. More disturbing is the prevalence of childhood obesity, which has jumped dramatically over the past 20 years and now accounts for a doubling in the incidence of diabetes, a 5-fold increase in sleep apnoea and a 3-fold increase in gall bladder disease. The World Health Organization and the US Surgeon General have already warned that obesity is a serious, life-threatening disease. Indeed, as a major risk factor for hypertension, stroke, heart disease, diabetes and possibly certain forms of cancer, obesity exacts a greater toll on health and healthcare costs than either smoking or drinking. In the USA alone, the direct medical costs of obesity-related diseases account for 6% of the nations entire healthcare budget. Obesity is, in short, a great deal more than a lifestyle or cosmetic problem. This has not been lost on the pharmaceutical industry. Companies know that the worldwide market for an effective treatment for obesity is gargantuan: analysts estimate that an effective and safe drug could generate as much as US$26 billion per year in the USA alone. It is probably the largest pharmaceutical market ever, and carries with it 27-30 dangerous co-morbidities, said Louis Tartaglia, Vice President of metabolic diseases at Millennium Pharmaceuticals (Cambridge, MA), who estimates the current annual worldwide market conservatively at US$10-15 billion. If one adds the patients who are obese and diabetic, the number soars even higher, as obesity and diabetes are linked diseases. The sudden rise in obesity is mainly a result of lifestyle changes, particularly the ready availability of calorie-laden, refined food and a decrease in physical activity. Genes have not changed in the past 50 years, but our eating and exercising habits have, said George Yancopoulos, Chief Scientific Officer and President of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (Tarrytown, NY), one of many companies working on drugs to treat obesity. But it cannot be lifestyle alone. Certain ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of obesity, and the discovery of a number of genes that regulate fat storage point to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Indeed, research on fat metabolism has made large strides forward over the last decade and has challenged some established views. One of the most important advances in obesity research is the realisation that fat is an endocrine tissue, said Barbara Kahn, Professor of Endocrinology at Harvard Universitys School of Medicine. Another step forward was the discovery of a number of peptides that function as central regulators of food intake and energy homeostasis. These findings point to a complex involvement of the neuroendocrine system, where the central nervous system and fat interact through hormones and neurotransmitters, and affect other organs, most notably the liver and the pancreas. Given the complexity of this system, it is no surprise that most treatments have been relatively ineffective or fraught with serious health risks, such as addiction to amphetamine diet pills, heart valve damage and hypertension. Furthermore, only a few drugs have reached the market recently. Xenical (Orlistat), a pancreatic lipase inhibitor developed by Hoffmann-LaRoche (Geneva, Switzerland), works by blocking the absorption of fat in the intestine, but can cause uncomfortable side-effects and has been linked to an increased incidence of cancer. Meridia (known as Reductil in the UK), originally developed by Knoll AG (Ludwidgshafen, Germany), is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that is thought to act on the appetite centre of the hypothalamus. However, it often causes elevated blood pressure, and its produ cer, Abbott Labs (Abbott Park, IL) admitted in March that 34 patients in the USA have died after taking the drug. Italy suspended sales of the drug after receiving 50 reports of adverse reactions, including two deaths. The anti-depressant Wellbutrin (GlaxoWellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC) acts in the same way as Meridia but has only a very mild weight-reduction effect. But recent findings on fat metabolism open new avenues for developing effective drugs. Body weight is regulated through a series of feedback systems that provide targets for effective drug treatment and strategies for drug development, Peter Kopelman from Queen Marys School of Medicine ; Dentistry at the University of London (UK) said. Food intake can be reduced either by amplifying anorexigenic (anti-appetite) signals or blocking orexigenic (pro-appetite) factors. Other strategies aim at increasing energy expenditure by uncoupling fuel metabolism from the generation of ATP. It is also possible to modulate fat met abolism by regulating fat synthesis or lipolysis or by moderating the fixed internal reference point maintained by the central controller of body weight. An effective anti-obesity treatment must target a number of these regulatory points. New drugs must ultimately affect both energy intake and energy expenditure, to have a significant and long-lasting impact on body weight, according to Kopelman. Drugs that work purely on one side of the energy balancethat is, energy intake or expenditureare unlikely to achieve long-term efficacy because of compensatory adjustments ensuring the maintenance of body fat homeostasis. Thus, the major leap in the development of more effective drugs has come through a better understanding of fat metabolism. In particular, the discovery and cloning of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and its receptor proved to be major breakthroughs. Leptin is essential for normal body weight regulation and scientists had thought that the obese need leptin in a similar way to diabetic patients who need insulin to process glucose. However, they soon discovered that like most diabetics who are actually insulin-resistant, most obese patients produce plenty of endogenous leptin, but are, in fact, leptin-resistant. Recent research has also begun to uncover the mechanisms of insulin- and leptin-resistance, and the link between obesity and diabetes. And the pipeline for new drugs is bulging. The most promising, now in phase III clinical trials, is Regenerons Axokine, an engineered version of ciliary neurotrophic factor, originally developed to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Serendipitously, Regeneron discovered that it led to unexpected and substantial weight loss in patients. The ALS patients given the factor were not getting weaker because they were losing fat, not muscle, Yancopoulos said. In April 2002, his group demonstrated in mice that the drug reduces fat by activating the leptin pathway and does not cause rebound weight gain even in a leptin-resistant model of obesity. Axokine mimics the ability of leptin to generate fat loss by enabling the patient to be satisfied with less food. The problem with dieting is that the body compensates by slowing down its metabolism and sending strong messages to the dieter to eat; the weight is regained because the body preserves its fat reserves and tells one to eat more, Yancopolous noted. Axokine sidesteps these mechanisms. It also works in diet-induced obesity, where there is sufficient leptin but resistance to the hormonethis represents the lions share of cases of human obesity. Leptin was only intended to act as a satiety signal, not as a means to deal with too much body fat. Axokine works by super-activating the leptin pathway, including 5-10 neuropeptides, and turning on the satiety signal, Yancopoulos said. But there is more to leptin than just inducing satiety. Harvards Kahn demonstrated that it acts on another component of the metabolism. Leptin stimulates the oxidat ion of fatty acids and the uptake of glucose, and prevents the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, she said. Specifically, leptin inhibits the activity of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACC), which stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle. ACC provides a pivotal step in fuel metabolism as it links fatty-acid and carbohydrate metabolism through the shared intermediate acetyl co-enzyme A, the researchers wrote. Kahn thus thinks that the ACC pathway might provide new drug targets. Millennium is working on a small molecule that will move more freely across the blood-brain barrier than leptin, and which super-stimulates the leptin receptor. It is also examining the little-understood downstream targets in the leptin-signalling pathway, which could help prevent leptin resistance. It is a hotly debated subject which is the best target, Tartaglia said. Discovering which proteins generate resistance to leptin and which activate the receptor could, taken together, prove to be the magic bullet for obesity, he thinks. Biovitrum in Stockholm, Sweden, is also aiming at the neurological component of obesity and testing a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, BVT.933, in phase II clinical trials. Rather than hitting on all 14 human serotonin receptors by increasing the serotonin levels, only one, the 2C receptor, gets activated by BVT.933, Johan Kordel, Senior Vice President of research, explained. Patients treated with BVT.933 achieved a statistically significant and clinically relevant weight reduction compared with placebo. Recent research points to another interesting target besides leptinPTP1B, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase. Barbara Kahn and her colleague Benjamin Neel, from Harvard Medical School together with Millenniums Tartaglia showed that PTP1B regulates leptin signal transduction. Transgenic, PTP1B-deficient mice have decreased leptin/body fat ratios and leptin hypersensitivity; in short, these mice were insulin-sensitive and lean. We also found that lowered levels of PTP1B increased energy expenditure, and conversely, elevated levels of PTP1B in both muscle and fat, which contributes to insulin resistance, Kahn said, calling PTP1B an outstanding drug target. Michel Tremblay of the Department of Biochemistry at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, who is also working on PTP1B, estimated that at least 20 companies are now pursuing this drug target, including Merck (Rahway, NJ), NovoNordisk (Bagsvard, Denmark), Ely Lilly (Indianapolis, IN) together with Ceptyr, a new Seattle-based company focusing on phosphatases, Akros (Princeton, NJ), the US arm of Japan Tobacco and Pharmacia (Peapack, NJ). The problem has been in designing a molecule that specifically inhibits PTP1B. Isis Pharmaceuticals (Carlsbad, CA) is confident that it has found one. Brett Monia, Isiss Vice President of antisense drug discovery and his colleagues have developed an antisense nucleotide to selectively block PTP1B gene expression. A year a go, it licensed the drug, Isis-113715 to Merck. The group also published a proof of principle paper in April 2002, in which they demonstrated that the antisense construct inhibited PTEN, another lipid phosphatase that is involved in the insulin signalling pathway. The antisense oligonucleotide normalised blood glucose concentrations in diabetic and obese mice and lowered serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. Antisense technology has an advantage of being able to block the production of a protein, in this case, PTP1B, rather than just inhibiting it once it is produced, Frank Bennett, Isiss Vice President of antisense research, said. To date, no adverse effects have been seen with the use of Isiss antisense drugs in small and large animal models of diabetes and obesity, he added. Another target receiving serious attention is the enzyme fatty acid synthase. Daniel Lane from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, and colleagues have shown that a specific inhibitor, dubb ed C75, reduces both food intake and body weight in mice, and interrupts fasting-induced hunger signals in lean mice. In obese mice, C75 suppresses food intake, reduces body weight, and normalises obesity-associated high blood sugar and high insulin levels. Johns Hopkins University, which holds the patent to C75, has licensed it to FASgen, a new company in Baltimore. Finally, older substances may yield new drugs as well: a small region of the human growth hormone appears to have a specific effect on fat without any effect on either growth or insulin resistance, according to Frank Ng of Monash University (Melbourne, Australia). With the support from Metabolic Pharmaceuticals, Ng has developed it into an orally administered drug, which is now in phase IIa testing. Basic research to uncover fat metabolism and applied research to find effective treatments against obesity have received a lot of attention over the last years both in terms of media coverage and funding. And even if the int erest in developing effective treatments against being overweight has a strong lifestyle component, it is increasingly crucial to public health. New treatments are needed to help those millions of people suffering from obesityespecially the dramatically rising number of overweight children who are at risk of lifelong diabetes and the accompanying risk of heart disease and disability. Michael Jackson Essay

Lee College free essay sample

An alternate for the Statement of Activites is the combination between the Statement of Unrestricted Revenues, Expenses and Other Changes in Unrestricted Net Assets and the Statement of Changes in Net Assets. These three statements are interchangable, in the fact that either one statement can be provided, or two statements can be provided instead. Although they are interchangable in a sense, they are prepared differently. The Statement of Activites includes all of the information the other two statements provide—it’s just in one place. Private colleges are required to report their net assets in three ways, unrestricted, temporarily restricted and permanetly restricted. Here we will discuss what these net asset categories mean, how it relates to Lee College and how the three interchangable statements are prepared. The Statement of Activites gives an overview of the unrestricted, temporarily restricted and permanently restricted revenues, gains and other support for Lee College. This statement allows you to compare each net asset cost to one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Lee College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The revenues are specifically listed out between what type of revenue the item is, from scholarships, grants, contributions, sales and so on. Same with the expenses, these items are listed out as well, to show what type of expense and how much money is spent. Most of the revenues for Lee College are considered unrestricted, meaning the college can use these revenues at their discression and they do not have restrictions or guidelines that have to be followed to use the funds. There are both grants and contributions given to Lee College that are temporarily restricted. Funds and donations that are temporarily restricted have specificifications or restrictions that they have to be used under. The restrictions are given to the college by the donor and eventually be lifted after a period of time set by the donor. Under the permanently restricted column of the Statement of Activites, there are both contributions and gains on long term investments that are listed here. Permanently restricted revenues are intended for plant items to be maintained permanently. Lee College has contributions and long term investment gains that are permanently restricted. Also under the revenues, there are net assests released from restrictions. What happened in Lee College’s situation is that the program/use restrictions, plant acquistion restrictions and other expiration of time restrictions were lifted, adding these amounts to the unrestricted column, but they are taken out of the temporarily restricted column; because they are no longer considered temporarily restricted. Each column for revenues, gains and other support as well as the net assests released from restrictions are added to a total. Below them are the expenses for Lee College. Expenses are considered unrestricted, so there are not items in the temporarily or permanently restricted columns. The total expenses are then taken from the total revenues, gains and other support to calculate the change in net assets. This total is then added the beginning net asset amount. The total between the two is the net assets ending for December 12, 2012. The Statement of Unrestricted Revenues, Expenses and Other Changes in Unrestricted Net Assets only lists the unrestr icted revenues, net assets released from restrictions (because these have been transferred from temporarily restricted to unrestricted, as noted above), and expenses and losses. Rather than stating the net asset change in all three categories, this specifically shows the increase (or decrease) in the unrestricted net assets. After completing all of the statements required, if you take the first column, unrestricted assets, this would be your breakdown for the Statement of Unrestricted Revenues, Expenses and Other Changes in Unrestricted Net Assets because that is all this includes. Like the Statement of Activites, the revenues and expenses are listed out to identify where they came from and were spent. * The Statement of Changes in Net Assets includes everything that is in the Statement of Activites, but it is listed in a different way. Unlike the Statement of Activities, where the revenues and expenses are specifically listed out, these items are grouped together so the total amounts can be easily identified as well as determined. The net assets as of December 31, 2012 reflected here is the same as on the Statement of Activities. * Based on the Statement of Net Asset Changes, the net assets increased almost $5 million dollars. I think the main reason there was such an increase was because of the items that had been released from temporary restricted assets, to unrestricted, as well as the permanently restricted contributions to Lee College. Although these contributions are restricted, it still adds to the wealth of the college. There will come a time where these will come to use and will be avaliable as unrestricted funds. Although the expenses are very close to the revenues in 2012, there was still an increase in the net assets for unrestricted net assets of almost $1 million. * References * Copley, P. A. (2011). Essentials of Accounting for Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizations. (10th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Free Essays on Gregg V. Georgia

Syllabus Petitioner was charged with committing armed robbery and murder on the basis of evidence that he had killed and robbed two men. At the trial stage of Georgia's bifurcated procedure, the jury found petitioner guilty of two counts of armed robbery and two counts of murder. At the penalty stage, the judge instructed the jury that it could recommend either a death sentence or a life prison sentence on each count; that it was free to consider mitigating or aggravating circumstances, if any, as presented by the parties; and that it would not be authorized to consider imposing the death sentence unless it first found beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that the murder was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission of other capital felonies, viz., the armed robberies of the victims; (2) that he committed the murder for the purpose of receiving the victims' money and automobile; or (3) that the murder was "outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible and inhuman" in that it "involved the depravity of [the] mind of the defendant." The jury found the first and second of these aggravating circumstances, and returned a sentence of death. The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the convictions. After reviewing the trial transcript and record and comparing the evidence and sentence in similar cases, the court upheld the death sentences for the murders, concluding that they had not resulted from prejudice or any other arbitrary factor, and were not excessive or disproportionate to the penalty applied in similar cases, but vacated the armed robbery sentences on the ground, inter alia, that the death penalty had rarely been imposed in Georgia for that offense. Petitioner challenges imposition of the death sentence under the Georgia statute as "cruel and unusual" punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. That statute, as amended following Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (where this Court held to be violative of those Am... Free Essays on Gregg V. Georgia Free Essays on Gregg V. Georgia Syllabus Petitioner was charged with committing armed robbery and murder on the basis of evidence that he had killed and robbed two men. At the trial stage of Georgia's bifurcated procedure, the jury found petitioner guilty of two counts of armed robbery and two counts of murder. At the penalty stage, the judge instructed the jury that it could recommend either a death sentence or a life prison sentence on each count; that it was free to consider mitigating or aggravating circumstances, if any, as presented by the parties; and that it would not be authorized to consider imposing the death sentence unless it first found beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that the murder was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission of other capital felonies, viz., the armed robberies of the victims; (2) that he committed the murder for the purpose of receiving the victims' money and automobile; or (3) that the murder was "outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible and inhuman" in that it "involved the depravity of [the] mind of the defendant." The jury found the first and second of these aggravating circumstances, and returned a sentence of death. The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the convictions. After reviewing the trial transcript and record and comparing the evidence and sentence in similar cases, the court upheld the death sentences for the murders, concluding that they had not resulted from prejudice or any other arbitrary factor, and were not excessive or disproportionate to the penalty applied in similar cases, but vacated the armed robbery sentences on the ground, inter alia, that the death penalty had rarely been imposed in Georgia for that offense. Petitioner challenges imposition of the death sentence under the Georgia statute as "cruel and unusual" punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. That statute, as amended following Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (where this Court held to be violative of those Am...

Quantum Gravity Definition and Explanation

Quantum Gravity Definition and Explanation Quantum gravity is an overall term for theories that attempt to unify gravity with the other fundamental forces of physics (which are already unified together). It generally posits a theoretical entity, a graviton, which is a virtual particle that mediates the gravitational force. This is what distinguishes quantum gravity from certain other unified field theories   although, in fairness, some theories that are typically classified as quantum gravity dont necessarily require a graviton. Whats a Graviton? The standard model of quantum mechanics (developed between 1970 and  1973) postulates that the other three fundamental forces of physics are mediated by virtual bosons. Photons mediate the electromagnetic force, W and Z bosons mediate the weak nuclear force, and gluons (such as quarks) mediate the strong nuclear force. The graviton, therefore, would mediate the gravitational force. If found, the graviton is expected to be massless (because it acts instantaneously at long distances) and have spin 2 (because gravity is a second-rank tensor field). Is Quantum Gravity Proven? The major problem in experimentally testing any theory of quantum gravity is that the energy levels required to observe the conjectures are unattainable in current laboratory experiments. Even theoretically, quantum gravity runs into serious problems. Gravitation is currently explained through the theory of general relativity, which makes very different assumptions about the universe at the macroscopic scale than those made by quantum mechanics at the microscopic scale. Attempts to combine them generally run into the renormalization problem, in which the sum of all of the forces do not cancel out and result in an infinite value. In quantum electrodynamics, this happened occasionally, but one could renormalize the mathematics to remove these issues. Such renormalization does not work in a quantum interpretation of gravity. The assumptions of quantum gravity are generally that such a theory will prove to be both simple and elegant, so many physicists attempt to work backward, predicting a theory that they feel might account for the symmetries observed in current physics and then seeing if those theories work. Some unified field theories that are classified as quantum gravity theories include: String theory / Superstring theory / M-theorySupergravityLoop quantum gravityTwistor theoryNoncommutative geometryEuclidean quantum gravityWheeler-deWitt equation Of course, its fully possible that if quantum gravity does exist, it will be neither simple nor elegant, in which case these attempts are being approached with faulty assumptions and, likely, would be inaccurate. Only time and experimentation will tell for sure. It is also possible, as some of the above theories predict, that an understanding of quantum gravity will not merely consolidate the theories, but will rather introduce a fundamentally new understanding of space and time. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

History - Essay Example In 1957, when Martin Luther King was just 28 years old, he took upon the mission to make the soil of America free from racism and give its people the dream for bringing America into the threshold of racial justice and instill in African-Americans to fight for their immutable rights with dignity and discipline. He gave this memorable speech as a part of the civil rights movement at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Just in the midway of the speech, King improvised the speech and gave to the world the words in which were interwoven the dreams of millions of Americans to emerge from the debris of subjugation and racism. He said: â€Å"I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood†¦.† (U.S. Constitution Online, Online) It was not just the dream for the people of that era but is also a dream for the people of today’s generation too. His words stirred among people feeling of hope and aspiration that one day they would be free and one day America would see dawn in which there would be no racial discrimination in the name of color, caste or creed, and the place where everyone would be free. America celebrates Independence Day every year on July 4, the day when the foundation was laid for the most powerful and democratic nation of the world. The report I read to commemorate the independence was published in online edition of â€Å"New York Times† on 1st July 2007 written by Maya Jasanoff titled â€Å"Loyal to a Fault†. 4th July 1776 was the most commendable day for the American independence after the prolonged

Merits and Demerits of Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of Type 2 Literature review

Merits and Demerits of Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight and Obese Adults - Literature review Example Bariatric operations are basically grouped into totally restrictive, mostly restrictive, and mostly malabsorptive procedures (Ferrannini and Mingrone, 2009, p. 516) but the most common surgery performed is Roux-en-Y gastric bypass through which â€Å"between 33 and 77% of excess weight can be lost† (Buchwald et al., 2004, p. 1730). General consensus among clinicians is that the bariatric operations have proved to be particularly appreciative medical treatment for diabetes associated with obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Also research has it that all these surgical options are potentially capable of helping the diabetic patients in terms of fast recovery, weight adjustment, cardiovascular risk factors management, and significant reduction in mortality of 23% from a troubling 40% (Robinson, 2009, p. 521). Evidence about the role, credibility, and shortcomings of bariatric surgery as a thriving treatment option for type 2 DM is gathered through reviewing credible scientific j ournals and findings are discussed and scrutinized in this paper as an attempt to compare and contrast what different researchers have said on this subject so far. Literature Review For people having a BMI of at least 35 with significant comorbidities like diabetes, bariatric surgery is ruled out as a safe and healthy recommendation by the health care professionals as this is considered a wise decision with great payoffs (Robinson, 2009, p. 520). In a research study involving as many as 232 obese patients with type 2 DM from 1979 to 1994, it is claimed by MacDonald et al. (1997) that 154 out of them underwent gastric bypass operation and had their small intestines resected while the rest did not... Surgery is repeatedly claimed to be an effective early intervention for diabetes by different researchers. Much research has been done on the subject of effectiveness of bariatric surgery in weight loss and diabetes-related outcomes in the obese adults. Weight reduction is the first most strategy which should be considered by the diabetic patients as the progression rate of diabetes heavily relates to the obesity rate. A reduction in all-cause mortality is stressed in the literature on bariatric surgery and its implications because the surgical interventions largely aim at decreasing the weight as obesity in itself is a potential driver of many cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunctions. The charm of bariatric surgical interventions like gastric bypass surgery is that they are performed to achieve multiple targets and may or may not include weight loss depending on the situation. This means that diabetic patients of think physique can also go through bariatric surgery to have their di abetes treated only. However different sources cite that complications resulting from weight loss surgery vary and are frequent including nutritional deficiencies, kidney issues, bone fracture risks, postprandial diarrhea, and other metabolic bones diseases. Among the postsurgical complications, gastric dumping syndrome which involves bloating and diarrhea after meals forms the commonest complication of bariatric surgery performed to treat type 2 DM in overweight or obese adult patients.

Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan Essay Example for Free

Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan Essay Why Did The Soviet Union Invade Afghanistan In 1979? YourFirstName YourLastName University title Why Did the Soviet Union Invade Afghanistan in 1979? The Afghanistan cold war leading up to a decade invasion of the country by the Soviet Union is a quite a debatable event. This paper will seek to provide answers to many unanswered question such as the rationale used in recommending the Soviet Unions military involvement in Afghanistans internal political wrangles, the presumed benefits as a result of this invasion, as well as the fact that other alternatives than military action were not given enough consideration. Afghanistan as more peaceful under its leadership style of a King as the head of state supported by the Prime Minister, but things started going sour during the reign of King Mohammed Zahir Shah and his cousin Prime Minister Mohammad Daoud Khan (Daryl, 2010). There was a misunderstanding between those directly in power and those indirectly in power. The political party in power at that time which was based on Marxism ideologies, Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans (PDPA), was faced with internal bickering among its leaders. This eventually lead to a division in the party into two rivaling factions, with one faction calling itself Khalq under the eadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin while the second faction was lead by Babrak Karmal and Najibulallan and reterred to itselt as Flag which in Islamic is Parcham. The actions of the Soviet Union were thought, by the initiators, to be supported by the people, especially the supporters of Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans. However, it turned out the opposite was true, in that the people were not happy as evidenced throughout the various demonstrations that were held in the country, especially in Kabul, the capital. The demonstrations continued for quite ome time until the authorities, President Dauods government, felt threatened and started employing unorthodox means to do away with the demonstrations. Repressions were imposed on the supporters of Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans with some of its key member s such as Mir Khyber being killed. This infuriated the demonstrators and gave them reason to push on with their demands thorough street demonstrations rebuking the Dauods regime. This further gave a more threatened government room to expunge its long arm of the law towards the culprits by arresting them. The peoples power had its way in mid 1978 when President Dauod, together with his family members, was overthrown and executed. This event gave an opportunity to the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans Masses faction lead by Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin to ascend to power as President and Deputy President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The period when these events took place is referred to as the Saur Revolution. The internal conflicts inside the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans intensified between the two splitter faction. One was now in power, the other faction found it difficult to remain relevant as the script was repeated, as was in Dauodss case, here the members of the opposition were forced into exile and some were executed. The new government was supported by the Soviet Union as evidenced in the new reforms introduced which were a replica of the soviet style. Some of the changes introduced were marriage laws and reforms in the land sector, which sparked further controversy given the country was traditionaly Islamic and that a majority of the wealthy class was opposed to the land reforms. This was the genesis of the operation Taraki Out TO. The rebellion was uncontrollable and grew more powerful, hence, instability in government began to arise. In the end, as result of this, followed the demise of President Taraki following a shootout between the government forces and the Rebels in the palace, the presidents official residence. The deputy president took over power thereafter and was also faced with the same challenges (Daryl, 2010). Before turning to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, many questions are lingering than answers. What was the rationale used in recommending the Soviet Unions military involvement in Afghanistans internal political wrangles? What were the presumed benefits as a result of this invasion? Could there have been another alternative other than military that was probably ignored? If yes, then what was the alternative? What were the reasons for not perusing the alternative? Who were the chief architects of the military option? Who authorized the military invasion? And most importantly, why did the union invade Afghanistan? To begin with, Just as a tradition in any superpower, it is mostly likely that the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan without having exhausted all the other avenues at their disposal. One remains to wonder why did the USSR decide with such speed and in a very short time period, to enter with full orce by dispatching its top notch security men and women, including the Guards Airborne Division and the 40th Army into a country facing internal political challenges. Was this a punishment to Amins government, a communist in the making? Yes, this could be a reaction to Amins interaction with the United States (Galeotti, 2012). The Red Army was all over the place. In one day, as approximated, about fifty thousand Soviet soldiers had taken cover on Afghanistans soil. This was an intervention meant to quell the growing hostility between the government and the pposition and the basis for this was a mere treaty signed allowing the Union to offers military support. Again, the question here is, was the military support sought, and if yes over what? Was this a genuine intervention or was the decision to deploy troops made out of fear for the unknown? It is hard to believe that this was a mere intervention to assist the Afghan regime due to the instance of trying to kill President Amin by poisoning him. It is said the USSR had good relations with Afghanistan as was evident during the forty year reign of King Zahir Shah from 1933 to 1973, four decades uninterrupted. The invader to be is believed to have provided military assistance including training of the Afghan soldiers and issuance of loans, so the fact that the Soviet Union felt invested in the nation is clear. A strong possibility is that the USSR could have felt uneasy with the country shifting allegiance to America, and thus saw a threat to her interests in Afghanistan. After killing Amin it was Karmal Babrak who was installed. This is reason enough to cement the school of thought that the USSR had other hidden agendas in their deployment of the army, outside of suppressing resistance to the government in power. Another reason to believe the existence of a hidden mission in the invasion is that, as traditionally practiced, the commander of the USSR, Brezhnev was conspicuously missing in action as he was thought to be ailing. Those who acted, especially the Troika comprised of Yuri Vladimirovich as the leader of KGB, Fyodorovich Ustinov who was the then Defense Minister, and Andrei Gromkyo who was in charge of the foreign affairs docket, were against the move. Though the trio is believed to have requested the army intervention, leaked government information absolve them of any blame as it is claimed they opposed it. One Andropov is quated to have Sayed, Comrades, I have considered all these issues in depth and arrived at the conclusion that we must consider very very seriously the question of whose cause we will be supporting if we deploy forces into Afghanistan. Therefore I believe that we can suppress a revolution in Afghanistan only with the aid of our bayonet, and that is for us entirely inadmissible. We cannot take such a risk. (Sullivan, 2011). Firstly, one major reason for USSR invasion was the U. S military presence in the Persian Gulf. Although it was as a result of U. Ss diplomats being taken hostage, thus forcing for rescue mission, he impression was made to the Kremlin administration that Washington was positioning itself to take over Afghanistan, hence need to for a quick capture of the country by the Soviet Union arose (Sullivan, 2011). Secondly, the cause for invasion was the vague interpretation of the Iranian political happenings, or revolution, where its leader had been overthrown and subsequently replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini, who was a radical Muslim, a faction the Kremlin government feared to its last tooth. This meant a quick action to avert the religious conflict spreading into Afghanistan, their territory. Thirdly, the Kremlin invaded Kabul due to the belief in the pro socialism Brezhnev doctrines which stated that socialism, once on the verge to take root anywhere, could not fail. Thus Afghanistan was no different. There was need to protect socialism from failing in a friendly nation. This explains the geopolitical angle of the move. Fourthly, there is the treaty of cooperation and good neighborliness between the USSR and Afghanistan, which allowed the Soviet Union to enter the country at a time of war. The invasion resulted in deaths of persons, including the countrys leaders, citizens, and soldiers in huge number. The invasion also resulted in creating more instability, and a decade long war. By USSR invading Kabul, it meant capture of another territory of great importance. A country where socialism would take place and the capture of the water catchment area of Persian Gulf which had been a target of USSR for a long time (Amstatz, 2012). As a result of the invasion the Politburos importance was revealed, in regard to decision making and an individual accountability. Different player have come out to claim they were the ones behind the military invasion, given the head commander at that time was ill. The war caused loss of property and other valuable belongings, for instance, the palace was destroyed and converted into the headquarters of 40th army. This meant a new region had to spend a lot of money in building the presidents residence (Daryl, 2010). The Soviet-Afghan war lead to the rise of the worlds largest group of refugees as scores of people were displaced with other moving into neighboring countries like Pakistan and Iran. Another impact was employment opportunity for Soviet citizens, as they were taken into Afghanistan to teach in the new universities and polytechnics hat were built. The construction industry was also boosted. Finally the war had impact on the USSRs military budget. This is because a lot of money was used during the entire period in buying more arsenals as the Soviet Union was alone fighting a combination of US and China supported rebels. There were challenges encountered throughout the ten year period. They included harsh rebellion from the local rebels, the MuhiJiran, who were backed by the US and China. They killed large numbers of Soviet soldiers. Also, the Soviet Army had a hard time penetrating into Afghanistan and selling the policies. Communist ideas did not always sit well with Muslims, whom did not want certain traditions changed. There was also the problem of route location for Soviet forces. The displaced persons found it troublesome moving from one place to the next during that difficult period (Galeotti, 2012). The exact reasons for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan are not clear but several important facts clearly played a role in the decision making that took place. Afghanistan had a long lasting relationship with the USSR and the Soviet Union most likely felt like they were protecting an investment. The regime change that was occurring within the nation may not have been the most popular with the populace but it was a communist party taking the reigns, thus according to the Brezhnev Doctrine could not be allowed to fail. The invasion was also made easier by the existence of a cooperation treaty between the two nations which allowed the Soviet Union to move its troops into the region if Afghanistan required assistance in a war. With major fghting breaking out in regions across the country, this could be easily used by the USSR as an excuse to move into the area and assert the type of regime they approved of.

Glory Essay -- essays research papers

Glory: A Look From Within It is the evening before a powerful and epic battle with more than victory at stake. Tomorrow, the 54th regiment will forever stamp themselves as a symbol of hope and freedom in a new world during an attack on Fort Wagner as soldiers for the North. Dozens of men with young children, wives, and an idealistic dream of a free world will die in a matter of hours. As the Northern soldiers gather on this night before war, there are no tears of fear to be shed. The din in the air is that of song and the feeling is that of an inspirational victory. On this night before their death, slaves turned soldiers have put aside their personal differences and become one; a metaphoric battle has been won. This is one of the final scenes from the movie Glory, a power depiction of the heroic efforts of the first African American regiment during the Civil War. The deep, multiple plot layers, and moving acting performances in Glory create a captivating viewing experience. The story leads up to the summer of 1863, during which the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment led an unsuccessful attack on the Confederate’s Fort Wagner in South Carolina. The 54th regiment was the Nation's first black regiment and because of their skill, courage, and determination, they were credited with paving the way for the successful entry of other black soldiers into the ranks of the Union. In addition, these brave men demonstrated that black men were willing to fight and die both for their country and for their freedom. The setting was primarily outdoors and on the battle ground. There was some rain during training, but mostly the weather was mild in climate. The setting also alluded to the camaraderie of the regiment, and what was most memorable was the manner in which the men, who were once divided, came together for the common goal and good of all men regardless of the color of their skin. Glory did not use make-up for the purpose of beautifying or improving the looks of the actors. Make-up was used to intensify the conditions and the severity of the wounds of soldiers who fought in the â€Å"Battle of the States.† The make-up helped to illuminate the emotional intensity of the soldiers and their roles in the war. The composition of the wounds brought reality to the movie and the human aspects of the soldiers. The make-up had a tremendous impact on how the viewer experience t... ... historical significance of this film. When the film was made, it might have been considered a risk to cast Matthew Broderick as a valiant civil war leader. His past performances included childhood roles in movies such as Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, War Games, and Project X. In his first feature role as a serious actor, Broderick is believable and has just the right amount of emotion and dramatic resonance. Morgan Freeman is also well-cast as the patriarch of the group soldiers. His calm, yet powerful soliloquies of life as a hopeful slave painted many of the films non-battle scenes. Glory had all the elements of a great motion picture. There were moving performances by both lead and supporting actors. There was great historical significance. The casting, setting, and writing were as close to perfection as I have seen in years. Most importantly, the depth of layers in Glory’s plot left many layers of theme for the viewer to absorb. The conflict associated with the basic human struggles of the characters defined this movie for me. Private Trip said it best on the night before the final epic battle: â€Å"Ain’t much matter what happens tomorrow, cause we men, ain’t we? We men, ain’t we?†

A Nice Citizen Essay

He will have to learn, I know, that all men are not just, all men are not true. But teach him also that for every scoundrel there is a hero; that for every selfish Politician, there is a dedicated leader†¦ Teach him for every enemy there is a friend, Steer him away from envy, if you can, teach him the secret of quiet laughter. Let him learn early that the bullies are the easiest to lick†¦ Teach him, if you can, the wonder of books†¦ But also give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky, bees in the sun, and the flowers on a green hillside. In the school teach him it is far honourable to fail than to cheat†¦ Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong†¦ Teach him to be gentle with gentle people, and tough with the tough. Try to give my son the strength not to follow the crowd when everyone is getting on the band wagon†¦ Teach him to listen to all men†¦ but teach him also to filter all he hears on a screen of truth, and take only the good that comes through. Teach him if you can, how to laugh when he is sad†¦ Teach him there is no shame in tears, Teach him to scoff at cynics and to beware of too much sweetness†¦ Teach him to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidders but never to put a price-tag on his heart and soul. Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob and to stand and fight if he thinks he’s right. Treat him gently, but do not cuddle him, because only the test of fire makes fine steel. Let him have the courage to be impatient†¦ let him have the patience to be brave. Teach him always to have sublime faith in himself, because then he will have sublime faith in mankind. This is a big order, but see what you can do†¦ He is such a fine little fellow, my son!

Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay

Today ‘s people are much more cognizant about nutrient safety and quality than past. Due to nutrient borne unwellness eruption and merchandise callback besides suffered 1000000s of lbs economic losingss in nutrient industry. Major grounds for these failure are botching, alterations in the equipment, add-on of wrong ingredients, preparation procedure, formula or readying pattern, jobs in packaging, deficiency of attending to detail every bit good as malicious taint. A physical belongings that may do a nutrient to be insecure for human ingestion are known as physical jeopardy. Usually occurs in nutrient premises and may do serious unwellness. It could be happen by natural stuffs like bone, tegument, connective tissue or by extrinsic stuffs like foreign organic structures such as glass, plastic, pieces of metal, wood, paper every bit good as insect infestation. The presence of foreign organic structures like glass and rodent dungs in nutrient is a greater concern as it breakdown h ygiene. It may be brought into nutrient premises with the natural stuffs or acquire introduce during any processing phase. Foreign stuffs get into nutrient accidentally for case pieces of metal in mince meat or of course occurring objects for illustration castanetss in fish that are see menace to the consumer. In nutrient processing installations, most common beginnings found are bottles, jars, bulbs, light fixtures, utensils, gage screens, glass containers and glass nutrient containers. Usually it may do cuts, shed blooding that may necessitate sometimes surgery to happen or take this physical jeopardy. To avoid this hazard nutrient industry should minimise utilizing of ordinary glass. Dials and gages on equipment should be perfect. Besides, they should hold a glass policy particularly to manage with breakage spectacless. Possibly, nutrient readying should halt in instance of serious breakage event. Contaminated nutrient must be discarded. By ocular review, nutrient container may look into for any broken parts of glass. It should be guarantee that the country is cleaned and free from broken spectacless before get downing nutrient preperation. Food animal trainer requires proper preparation and direction as if they can response right. Furthermore, to observe glass from nutrient in nutrient industry, optical scanners, x-ray machines, screens, filters and air separation system can use. Furthermore, blaring with air or lavation, inverting, is necessary to minimise the hazard being present in a container merely prior to make fulling. Wood: Common beginnings of wood found in edifices, boxes, Fieldss, wooden palettes or wooden construction used to supermarket and retailer. Besides might be associate with natural stuff transit and merchandise processing industry. It may do cuts, infection, choking. Soft wood should be take from production premises. Wooden containers used for transporting natural stuffs should be phased out. Over unfastened nutrient palettes should non be dual stacked. Rock: Field harvests for illustration lentil, garden peas and beans contain small rocks that may picked up at reaping period. Rocks can besides acquire introduce with nutrients from floor. Plastics: Common beginnings of plastic include boxing stuff, utensils used for cleansing, palettes, baseball mitts worn by nutrient animal trainer. It may do choking, cuts, infection. Metallic element: Common beginnings are machinery, Fieldss, wire and employees. It may do infection, cuts. INSECT AND OTHER FILTH: Cultivation land, works post-process entry are the beginnings of insect infestation. it may do unwellness, injury, choking. Jewelry: Pens, pencils, buttons, careless nutrient animal trainer patterns can be include. It may do cuts, infection etc. Bones: Common beginnings are Fieldss, improper processing works. It may do choking and injury. INSULAION: Common beginnings are constructing stuff. It may do choking, long-run if asbestos. OTHERS: Common beginnings are basics, composition board, fabric, fiber, threading so on. Particular attention is necessary when nutrient deliver in assorted container like paper pokes, boxes and tease board.After taking threading from hessian pokes should instantly be placed in appropriate container to avoid taint. It may do choking and dental harm like dentitions broken. Natural Material: In nutrient processing variable nature of natural stuff quality may be a important job. Natural stuffs can be a of import beginning of immaterial affair and nutrient makers use a scope of screening, cleansing and rating operations to take out the jeopardy stuff. In industry of frozen peas for case, metal prison guards, coffin nail terminals, chaffs, rocks, sticks, caterpillars and soil frequently associate with the vined peas as they arrived at the processing industry. Control step should hold specification to detail maximal allowable degrees of taint in the incoming natural stuffs. By holding specifications with all providers and monitoring and measuring the provider public presentation in run intoing the specifications, the company has an positive tool in minimising the hazard by immaterial affair. Before utilizing natural stuffs, cleaning or rinsing and review may necessary. Most physical taint has to be removed by employee as the veggies pass along an lighted review belt. Food production should be filteed liquid and pulverizations sieved, filters screens and screens should be every bit all right as possible and must be cleaned and checked often. Worn equipment should replaced. Wooden-framed screens are normally non acceptedPackaging Material:Packaging is besides a beginning of immaterial affair in the signifier of warehouse and conveyance dirt/dust, wood from the palettes, paper and polythene strips from over wraps and a assortment of insects and even gnawers. containers ( tins, jars, bottles and fictile pots ) may be used straight foe make fulling with mineral cleansing and any rogue stuff in the container ( metal matchwoods, glass, soil, insects, etc. ) may stop up in the terminal merchandise.Effective WAY FOR CONTROLLING PHYSICAL HAZARDS:To develope, physical jeopardy designation plan in the nutrient industry, processors have to roll up elaborate information for every phase of each nutrient processing and their beginning. Significant physical jeopa rdies can be found by detecting each procedure phase during all phases of its processing at the industry factory.After placing jeopardies, an effectual plan can run to pull off and cut down these hazards of serious happening.Tools of the overall plan include carefully throughout Hazard analysis and critical control point ( HACCP ) , sanitation, care and Good fabrication pattern ( GMP ) programsI? effectual microbiological and chemical confirmation testing, systematic procedures validation both yearly and when alterations occurI? regular employee trainingI? and merchandise design and packaging schemes that should carefully take into history both the possible jeopardies that have been identified and the consequences of possible maltreatment of the merchandise. Auditing agenda must be designed to happen out failings in all of these countries. Identified Critical Control Points ( CCP ‘s ) are critical, and this information must be used to implement apropriate control of the proced ure. Furthermore, regular scrutinizing on this information should happen in order to guarantee betterment bit by bit. Besides, to overlook possible jeopardies, or neglect to execute confirmation measurings where needed can take to disaster really fast. Commercial research labs are besides a possible resource to supply way and input to understand, implement, and utilize these tools. This aid can come in the signifier of microbiological and chemical analysis, proof testing, merchandise testing, audits, consulti-ng services from HACCP ­trained expertness, and customized on ­site preparation pertinent to the sector of the nutrient industry that provides maximal benefit to employees and installation. Standard operating processs ( SOPs ) to minimise hazards of physical jeopardies. †¢ Wearing hair cyberspaces to minimise the chance for hair associate into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing nail Polish or unreal nails. Polish can flake off and fall into nutrient, and unreal nails can come loose and autumn into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing rings with rocks or earrings that could integrate into nutrient.Pay particular attending to the nutrient during readying to place physical contaminations.†¢ Take attention to take and fling all packaging from nutrient. †¢ Remove all castanetss when deboning poulet or other meats. †¢ Look for possible contaminations. For illustration, dry beans must be sorted prior to rinsing to take rocks that may be at that place from crop. †¢ Remove any toothpicks that might be used in nutrient readying.Maintain, clean and usage equipment decently.†¢ Clean and sanitise equipment and utensils after use each clip. †¢ Clean blades of can openers after usage to guarantee that metal shaves do non roll up. †¢ Use merely commercial ice scoops when acquiring ice from an ice machine or assigning ice. †¢ Puting shields on visible radiations. †¢ Shatterproof visible radiation bulbs can be usage.Decision:In decision it can be said to cut down hazard of major nutrient incidents, which cause human unwellness and major economic loss, it is of import to place and understand the possible jeopardies by the nutrient provider. It is their duty to place and minimise jeopardies in the nutrient that they produce or serve. Effective and possible schemes and control steps must be developed to minimise the jeopardies. A procedure should be placed that is well-designed, wellmanaged and capable to regular reappraisal theis at the lowest hazard for critical failures. Overall, an effectual quality control system is the most cost effectual manner to run for the primaryproducer, and consequences in the greatest possible satisfaction for the consumers benefit from the quality of the product.So, supplier quality confidence, good fabrication procedure and preparation installations in nutrient industry among nutrient animal trainer could be effectual safety direction tools. Furthermore, to place any important physical jeopardy or critical control point, nutrient industry should construct a HACCP squad and behavior by flow diagram for the each processing phase. Auditing besides can be

How to Create a First-Class Ethics Term Paper

How to Create a First-Class Ethics Term Paper Writing an ethics term paper is equivalent to writing an ethical question. Therefore, your term paper should concentrate on issues concerning what ought to be done from an ethical perspective rather than what is practical or typical, or even what is consistently based on certain popular or religious beliefs. Your term paper should focus on issues concerning fairness, consequences, and rights as they constitute ethical reasoning. Your professor may provide you an opportunity to select term paper topics. Alternatively, you may be required to address specific issues that focus on the violation of peoples rights, the fairness of certain decisions, and personal and societal effects of certain choices. The success of your ethics term paper writing depends on how effectively you state your reasons for the position you take in argumentative narratives, how you articulate your arguments, how you adhere to stipulated guidelines, and how you observe term paper mechanics. Writing a term paper on ethics is a tedious process, especially when you lack necessary abilities and some level of understanding of the elements that constitute a term paper. Regardless of the level of your study in post-secondary education, writing term papers is part of the evaluation process that professors use to test your understanding of concepts, your ability to apply concepts, and your critical abilities. This guideline provides you with the necessary ethics term paper writing tips that will guide you through your ethics term paper writing process. Pre-Writing Tips from Our Writers for an Immediate Start Off Before beginning your term paper writing process, you need to understand the meaning of the term ‘pre-writing.’ Pre-writing denotes the actions you should take before you begin writing your first ethics draft. The main rule that guides the writing process to ensures one writes a high-quality term paper concerns working on the quality of your pre-writing phase and the outcome of the process. In this case, the more you work on your pre-writing, the easier it is to write your first and subsequent drafts of your term paper. Accordingly, you need to take pre-writing seriously. Below are the common and important pre-writing tips. Choice of the topic. The selection of your term paper topic is vital. If you have concepts or issues you have background information on or issues that tickle your interest, or those that are controversial or trending, these could be your ideal term paper topics. However, the issues and concepts should be based on topics in ethics, such as virtue theory, meta-ethics, consequentialism, and deontology, among others. Alternatively, search for topics within your preferred area of ethics in ethics journals, online platforms, books, and trending news. Perhaps your teacher will assign you a topic or provide a list from which you should select your subject matter. If such is the case, select your topic wisely. Brainstorming. Once you are done with the topic selection, you should move to brainstorming. Brainstorming involves writing down any word or words you can think of which are related to the ethics topic. You do not need to think much about their relevance. At this point, it is fine to have redundant material because it involves jotting down any ideas that cross your mind. Being redundant during this stage, is not a problem, as you will define your thoughts as you progress through the writing process. Thorough research. The ideas you come up with during the brainstorming session should help you develop viable ideas on appropriate term paper content. Research involves finding relevant sources that provide adequate information on your chosen term paper topic. Use keywords during your research, especially if it is based on online searches. The sources should be scholarly where possible and should be current unless you are tackling a topic that requires a historical overview. The context of your topic should also help you search for appropriate content for your term paper. Meticulous note-taking. Note taking should occur when conducting project research. It involves writing down the main points that come up during your research. The notes may not have a particular flow and may focus on different themes that may or may not form part of the term paper. It is important to draft quality notes that are not only legible but also clear in content. In this regard, ensure that you do not write sloppy notes as there is nothing as bad as not being able to make sense of your own writing. Solid plan. The final pre-writing tip concerns formulation of a quality plan. A quality plan is an outline of the term paper. Once you have your notes, it is now time to plan where specific points will fit in your term paper. In this case, plan your introductory content, information that will form the main part of the term paper, and inferences that you and your audience can draw from the term paper. Topic Selection for Your Ethics Term Paper A good ethics term paper topic should fascinate you, inspire your passion for engaging in writing about the topic, be specific and concrete, researchable, and should not be too technical or too trivial. Choosing an appropriate term paper topic involves several steps that involve: Searching for several topics and making a list of possible options. At this point, you can Google controversial topics in ethics, social issues affecting society but based on ethics, as well as current issues. You can go to the library and search for possible topics in ethics or browse magazines, journal articles, or encyclopedias. Eliminating topics. Once you have an idea on possible topics, cross off any topics that are not appealing to you and those with little research materials. If the ethics term paper is argumentative, cross off any topics that are not arguable. Highlight the most appealing topics. Appealing topics are those that are in line with your interests and those that are manageable and have adequate resource materials. From the highlighted topics, select one with materials and scope that can sustain your term paper. In this case, you should ask yourself the following questions before settling on a particular topic: What do I know about the topic? When is the topic appropriate for discussion? Is the topic current or outdated? How does the topic fit into the term paper objective? Is the topic too broad or too narrow? Do I have adequate resource material? If you can find answers to the above questions after settling on a topic, then you are good to go. Below are some examples of topics for your ethics term paper: Utilitarianism and Critical Analysis of the Ideology; The Concepts of Freedom vs. Happiness in Modern Society; Compare and Contrast of Utilitarianism and Egoism; Utilitarianism Is the Best Approach in Addressing Environmental Issues; Difference Between Utilitarianism and Deontology. Formulating a Thesis Statement for Your Ethics Term Paper Once you have your topic and ideas on what your term paper will focus, it is important to formulate a claim that forms your thesis statement. A thesis statement is a claim that presents the focus of your term paper. You need to understand that your term paper should have the main idea and the arguments you present in the paper should reflect the idea. A thesis statement captures the main ideas and your position on these ideas. It is specific and usually consists of two sentences or one depending on the objective of the term paper. The first sentence of the thesis statement should present the topic of your paper while the second sentence should comment on your position on the ethics topic. Questions you need to ask when formulating a thesis statement for your ethics term paper include: Where is my thesis statement? Is my thesis statement specific? Is the thesis statement too general? Is the statement clear and does it present my position on the discussion issue at hand? Is my thesis statement original? Does my thesis statement provide room for disputing the claims presented? An effective thesis statement is refutable. This implies that the target audience or a different writer can contest the arguments presented. As noted earlier, the thesis statement should be written as the last sentence of the paper introduction segment. Appropriate Outline for Your Ethics Term Paper A paper in ethics philosophy whether in deontology or existentialism or any other field of ethics consists of at least three parts, namely the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The body segment has further divisions that can be presented in the form of paragraphs. These divisions focus on the presentation of arguments, the presentation of counter-arguments, and a response to the raised objections. Introduction. The opening paragraph of your term paper serves as an introduction to your paper. The introduction should present your topic, arguments discussed in the paper, your intended objective, and should contain a thesis statement and an explanation of your thesis. If you do not have a clear picture of your paper organization at this stage, it is appropriate to write the entire paper and compose the introduction once you finish the main body of the term paper. In this case, compose the other sections of the paper first, and come back to (re)write the introduction so that it reflects what your ethics term paper discusses. Where necessary, define the key terms in your thesis statement. These terms should define your paper and provide the scope of the term paper. Such terms may be, ‘abortion, ‘euthanasia,’ ‘immorality,’ and ‘personhood.’ Body. The body of the term paper should present your argument as stipulated in your introduction. The arguments should be presented in a paragraph form to imply that each paragraph should focus on one main argument. Moreover, each paragraph should have a topic sentence that makes a claim for the paragraph. The topic sentence should be in line with the term paper topic and the thesis statement. The subsequent sentences in the paragraph should provide evidence that supports the noted claim. In cases where the body section should contain subheadings, it is important to group themes in a way that they provide a systematic analysis of appropriate content for each subheading. Presenting arguments that support the thesis. This section is the part of the body section. The arguments constitute the greater part of the term paper. When presenting your term paper arguments, use compelling premises logically. Present the possible arguments in paragraphs. Each argument should be discussed in its own paragraph along with evidence that supports the argument. Your paragraphs should demonstrate that you have an understanding of the term paper topic and written content. Provide both empirical and theoretical support for the presented arguments and do not repeat your arguments. Presenting objections to the thesis. If your ethics term paper contains arguments that oppose the main claim, present them after articulating the main ideas. At this point, you step into your opponent’s shoes and ask yourself what some of the arguments against the thesis statement are. Review research materials whose authors disagree with your thesis and present their ideas as objections to your thesis. Each counter argument should be presented in its own paragraph just as when you present the main arguments. Remember your target audience and do not include unfounded counterarguments. Conclusion. The conclusion sums up your term paper and provides your recommended action plan where applicable. You should include a restatement of the thesis statement and a brief summary of arguments. Do not introduce new ideas and arguments at this stage because it only serves to summarize the entire term paper. Post Writing Tips on the Last Things You Should Do The post writing tips entail proofreading and referencing the ethics term paper. You should begin by checking the paper to ensure you identify the most significant points of the topic. Ensure that your paper is free of grammatical mistakes and sentence structure issues. The sentences should be coherent and in the correct tense. The logical presentation of ideas is important in a term paper; hence, proofreading should involve ensuring there is a coherent flow of ideas and arguments. Finally, ensure you quote any borrowed sources and use appropriate citation mechanisms as required by your professor.

World Wildlife Fund

World Wildlife Fund The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is a global-scale conservation organization that works in 100 countries and consists of nearly 5 million members worldwide. The WWFs mission- in the simplest of terms- is to conserve nature. Its aims are threefold- to protect natural areas and wild populations, to minimize pollution, and to promote efficient, sustainable use of natural resources. The WWF focuses their efforts at multiple levels, starting with wildlife, habitats and local communities and expanding up through governments and global networks. The WWF views the planet as a single, complex web of relationships between species, the environment, and human institutions such as government and global markets. History The World Wildlife Fund was established in 1961 when a handful of scientists, naturalists, politicians, and businessmen joined forces to form an international fundraising organization that would provide money for conservation groups working around the globe. The WWF grew during the 1960s and by the 1970s it was able to hire its first project administrator, Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy, who immediately convened a meeting of experts to forge the organizations key priorities. Among the first projects to receive funding from the WWF was a study of the tiger population in Chitwan Sanctuary Nepal conducted by the Smithsonian Institution. In 1975, the WWF helped establish the Corcovado National Park on Costa Ricas Osa Peninsula. Then in 1976, the WWF joined forces with the IUCN to create TRAFFIC, a network that monitors wildlife trade to curtail any conservation threats such trade inevitably causes. In 1984, Dr. Lovejoy devised the debt-for-nature swap approach that entails the conversion of a portion of a nations debt into funding for conservation within the country. The debt-for-nature swap tactic is also used by The Nature Conservancy. In 1992, the WWF further funded conservation in developing nations by establishing conservation trust funds for high-priority conservation regions throughout the world. These funds are intended to provide long-term funding to sustain conservation efforts. More recently, the WWF has worked with the Brazilian government to launch the Amazon Region Protected areas that will triple the land area that is protected within the Amazon region. How They Spend Their Money 79.4% of expenses go towards conservation projects7.3% of expenses go towards administration13.1% of expenses go towards fundraising Website www.worldwildlife.org You can also find the WWF on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Headquarters World Wildlife Fund1250 24th Street, NWP.O. Box 97180Washington, DC 20090tel: (800) 960-0993 References About the World Wildlife FundHistory of the World Wildlife FundCharity Navigator - World Wildlife Fund

Course Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Course Project - Term Paper Example BPM is a divided discipline with many different styles, notations and assets. An example is the UML which extends from the application level to the BPM level. All existing BPM approaches can be utilized as a starting point for Subject- Oriented Architecture and Design. The primary goal of a service-oriented analysis is to determine the necessary parameters for subsequent design and building of a project. In this process abstract candidates are only modeled to be considered in the final design process (Erl, 2006). The process is important in that the relevant candidates considered are subjected to the technical architecture for the design and are expected to be sustained. This stage thus involves the creation of service candidates and the proposition of operation candidates. A customer management system stores the customer profile and related information. It consist of database with a Web-based data entry and user reporting interface. They are contact-centric database that offers tracking approach to all the information and activities linked to customers. It allows several people in the company to share information in the database. It has an advantage of tracking sales and a centralized repository of contact information. The second automation system is a two-tier client-server system that controls the accounting and inventory transactions. Information is fed into incoming and outgoing standard transaction documents. A receipt of a purchase order initiates the invoicing and start of a delivery process of the selected movies from the Blockbooster website. The proposed business process is broken into smaller process steps. Our case study concerns an alliance between Blockbooster and Reddish Box $1 to salvage the Blockbooster from an imminent collapse. Due to stiff competition from a major competitor (NetFlicks) the alliance implemented by an SOA Web service will

Apitalism in the ourse of the 16th Century Essay

Apitalism in the ourse of the 16th Century - Essay Example Protection of private property was never so legally simplified before the advent of capitalism and the legal implications of private ownership suggested greater independence of private property owners and provided clear protected ownership that could be legally validated. Capitalism brought in the standardization and integration of property rules increased trust in economic transactions and laid down the risks of ownership with possibilities of insurance against such risks. Loans and borrowing became easier as personal credit history could be checked and there was an increased standardization and transferability of statements documenting ownership of property (Levi-Faur et al, 2005). This specification of property limits and rules and regulations of ownership indicated a smoother flow of property between individuals and enabled a well-defined role for companies so that they could easily operate in national and international markets. The concept of capitalism has often been criticised by the fact that ownership of enterprises shows the division between the employer and the employee as the profits seem to go to the employer and is not shared by the employees. The growth of multinational companies is thus a direct influence of capitalism and the changing global economy has also been directly shaped by the spread of capitalism across society and nations. In fact, the world today could never have been the same without capitalism and considering this, it is important to examine why and how capitalism first emerged in the 16th century and what are the social, historical and political implications. Capitalism is often contrasted to feudalism on the one hand where a monarch has ownership of property and socialism or communism on the other in which means of production are owned by the community collectively (Sweezy et al 1976).

International Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Economics - Assignment Example Depreciation increases operation and running costs of an organization, especially if it has a lot of imports or outsourced employees. The real exchange rate between the United States and Europe is given by ÃŽ µ. Consider a scenario in which the nominal exchange rate depreciates by 3%, while the price level in Europe increased by 5% and in the United States, it goes up by 2%. What happens to the real exchange rate? In Munich a bratwurst costs 5 euros, a hot dog costs 4$ at Boston’s Fenway Park. At an exchange rate of 1.05 $ per euro, what is the price of a bratwurst in terms of a hot dog? All else equal, how does this relative price change if the dollar depreciates to 1.25$ per euro? Compared with the initial situation, has a hot dog become more or less expensive relative to a bratwurst? Spain and Germany trade a lot between each other. Germany is running an inflation – low, but inflation – and Spain a deflation. Discuss what is expected to happen with the nominal and the real exchange rates between them. The nominal exchange rates of Germany will decrease while the nominal exchange rates for Spain will increase. This is because an increase in commodity prices will cause an increase in the foreign income that is required to purchase local products. The vice versa is true for Spain where a decrease in the price of commodities will reduce the amount of income earned from foreign countries to buy local products. The real exchange rates of Germany will increase. This is because the real exchange rates appreciate an increase in product prices. On the other hand, the real exchange rates of Spain will decrease. This is because real exchange rates depreciate with an increase in product prices.

Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay Solid waste management involves a number of stages starting from the choice of sites for landfill, collection, transportation and disposal of the solid waste. Both economic and environmental planners are concerned with the setting up of cost effective and environmentally friendly systems for solid waste management. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool that can provide spatial and non spatial information for urban planning and management. This paper focuses on the application of GIS as a planning and data collection tool in Solid Waste Management and analyses to what extent GIS is being used in solid waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius and also identifies the barriers to the proper use of GIS in this sector. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The Republic of Mauritius is a small island developing state (SIDS), situated at 800 km off the East coast of Madagascar at longitude 58 ° East and latitude 20 ° South in the Indian Ocean with a total surface area of 1870 km ². In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. The main island of Mauritius has a population of around 1.28 million inhabitants. The rapid industrialization and urbanization during the past decade have led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is expected that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tons a year (or 1,200 tons per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014. The present strategy of disposing wastes  at the  landfill and/or dumping sites will in the long-run be no longer sustainable or appropriate with the rapid increase in waste gene ration, scarcity of appropriate landfill sites and the density of human settlement. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce future costs from environment degradation. Governments policy is to promote waste reduction, minimize its generation, encourage the adoption of environmentally sound methods of resource recovery and modernize the institutional and legal framework for the entire logistical chain collection, storage, transfer and disposal and introduce a cost recovery mechanism. There has been awareness regarding waste management amongst many countries. There has been development of new technologies for improving the waste management systems. GIS is one of the new technologies which have contributed a lot in very less time span to the waste management society. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006) This paper analyses the benefits of using GIS as a tool in solid waste management and makes an assessment of how far GIS is being used by the local authorities in Mauritius and identifies the barriers to the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAURITIUS Solid Waste Management in Mauritius falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands. The main island of Mauritius has five Municipal Councils namely (i) Port Louis, (ii) Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, (iii) Quatre Bornes , (iv) Vacoas/Phoenix and (v) Curepipe. There are also four District Councils namely (i) Pamplemousses/Rivià ¨re du Rempart, (ii) Moka-Flacq, (iii) Grand Port-Savanne and (iv) Black River. Solid waste collection and disposal is undertaken by these local authorities in areas under their jurisdiction and is disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill via a network of transfer stations situated in St Martin, Roche Bois, Poudre DOr and La Brasserie. Waste collection and disposal is also carried out by private companies on contract basis. The only landfill on the island is at Mare Chicose which is managed by a private contractor. With the increase in waste production the life span of the landfill is going on decreasing and soon there will be a n eed to increase the capacity of the landfill or to find another locality to set up a second landfill. The daily management of waste collection and disposal activities is carried out by officers of the Health Department of the Municipal Councils and the District Councils. 1.3 What is GIS? GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data related to positions on the Earths surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image on a map and a record in an attribute table. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. 1.4 Uses of GIS in Solid Waste Management Solid waste management comprises several phases, starting from the stage where the waste is generated till it reaches its final destination or at a stage where it is no more a threat to the environment. It is observed that solid waste management can be bifurcated into mainly two phases. One is the waste management in the area where it is generated and second is the management of waste at dumping grounds. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006). The development of Geographic Information System (GIS) and its use throughout the world has contributed a lot in improving waste management systems. GIS helps to manipulate data in the computer to simulate alternatives and to take the most effective decisions. GIS can add value to waste management applications by providing outputs for decision support and analysis in a wide spectrum of projects such as route planning for waste collection, site selection exercises for transfer stations, landfills or waste collection points. GIS provides a flexible platform w hich integrates and analyses maps and waste management databases. GIS allows us to create and store as many layers of data or maps as we want and provides various possibilities to integrate tremendous amounts of data and map overlays into a single output to aid in decision making (Chang et al. 1997). The changing production and consumption patterns have caused a rise in the volume of solid waste putting considerable pressure on Governments in dealing with the increased waste generation. It implies that local authorities will require huge capital investments and operational strategies for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. Delimiting factors such as limited financial resources have made it imperative to replace existing ad hoc methods employed in solid waste management and planning (Vijay et al. 2008). Sarptas et al. (2005) studied the use GIS in solid waste management in coastal areas as a decision support system with a case study on landfill site selection. The results of the study are that GIS is becoming a powerful tool in SWM. However there are still some drawbacks and deficiencies in applying the method extensively. For example, it is not applied in solid waste generation studies because large fluctuations in solid waste generation by time and space and the dynamic nature of urban areas generate several difficulties in determining the current solid waste generation patterns. In the early period of GIS technology, from the 1980s to the early 1990s, GIS software was capable of executing only basic geographical operations. These capabilities of GIS software limited the user to only basic tasks such as exclusion and allowed them to determine only alternative landfill sites in landfill siting applications. Advances in information technology and increasing access to computer system s by decision makers have improved the usefulness of computer models and computer aided technologies in DSS in the last decade. One of the typical examples is the SWM systems. The GIS models do not only support the decision procedure but also facilitate the communication and mutual understanding between decision maker and the people, because the implications of a SWM closely affects the society. However, the basic limitations in the use of GIS in SWM is the data availability. Because, especially in developing countries the available data are very scarce and access to the data is very poor and tiring. In addition, the existing data are not reliable, not collected, stored and disseminated systematically. More comprehensive researches and more efforts on data gathering to fulfill the needs of GIS models are recommended. Since routing models make extensive use of spatial data, GIS can provide effective handling, displaying and manipulation of such geographical and spatial information. For example, Ghose et al. (2006) proposed a model for the system of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection that provides planning for distribution of collection bins, load balancing of vehicles and generation of optimal routing based on GIS. According to Reddy et al. (2007), traditional and static approaches are no longer adequate for analyzing network flows and conducting minimum cost routing. Reddy et al. attempted to develop a decision support system for generating an optimum route for solid waste disposal in Hyderabad City and hence to reduce the distance ran by the collection vehicle using GIS. GIS tool provides an effective decision support through its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. The system developed by Reddy et al. used the Network Analyst module available in Arcview, which is a path-finding program used to model the movement of resources between two points or more. Chatila (2008) developed a GIS system for natural resources management and recycling of solid waste in the village of Marjeyoun in Southern Lebanon. A GIS map was prepared to serve as a zone management plan along with an environmental assessment that identifies cumulative pressures and impacts of some human activities on the village and the environment. A recycling program was developed based on solid waste sampling and analysis of collection systems. In a study carried out by Bergeron et al. (2010), 3D visualization and GIS were used to produce a digital city model for the Star City, West Virginia to allow government officials and managers to manage assets and perform day-to-day operations, develop sustainable planning initiatives, and management of solid waste assets and facilities, planning for solid waste and recycling facilities and drop-offs, mapping and planning efficient waste hauler routes and identifying issues such a underserved populations and illegal dumping. However, building and using a GIS requires expert knowledge, and can often prevent such systems from being used to their full capability by local officials. In addition, local government is often comprised of mature citizens who are committed to serving their community but may be wary of new technologies that are unfamiliar to them. 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which GIS is being used in waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius, to identify barriers to proper use of GIS in solid waste management and to assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposal in order to create cost-effective systems. Finally a model will be proposed for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius using ArcGIS software that could be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The model produced will be used to store information regarding the existing collection routes, land use data, population data etc and data regarding the volume of waste produced. Based on these information decisions appropriate decisions can be taken to improve the existing solid waste management system and also predictions can be made for future plans. Hence, in short the aims of this project are mainly as follows: To identify to what extent GIS is being used in waste management in Mauritius. To identify barriers to proper use of GIS in waste management. To assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposal To carry out a case study for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius in order to produce a database for decision making. The paper will also carry out a literature study of some examples of GIS work for waste management. The study will include a discussion and a critical analysis of the models. The analysis of these studies will allow us to learn about the usefulness of GIS as a tool is solid waste waste management and these may be developed for Mauritius in the context of creating an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan. Further to literature review, a number of hypotheses have been designed and have been described briefly GIS and Social Development H1: There is a significant link between GIS and Social Development. H0: There is no significant link between GIS and Social Development. GIS and Economic Development H1: There is a significant link between GIS and Economic Development. H0: There is no significant link between GIS and Economic Development. GIS and Environmental Development H1: There is a significant link between GIS and Environmental Development. H0: There is no significant link between GIS and Environmental Development. To achieve these aims, a logical step has been carried out to complete this project. The structure of the research gives an idea of the issues covered in this project. 1.6 Methodology In order to analyse the general waste management situation in the local authorities (Municipalities and District Councils) in Mauritius, a scientific approach was implemented to gather primary information which comprises of different steps. These steps are as follows: Step 1: The target group was identified. 30 officers working in the Local Authorities were interviewed. Alongside, a questionnaire vide Appendix 1, was designed to retrieve information from the respondents. Step 2: The 30 officers were interviewed and the questionnaire was used as a guide to ensure proper flow of questions. However, much emphasis was put in open ended questions so as to get maximum information concerning their point of view relating to the present waste management system. Step 3: The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and Excel whereby results were shown on a first instance in terms of descriptive statistics being line charts, bar charts and in terms inferential statistics being correlation, cross tabulation. Step 4: A list of recommendations and suggestions are given regarding the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius and how they it can help in sustainable waste management. As well as, what can be done to mitigate the barriers that prevent the proper use of GIS. Chapter 2 GIS Model Analysis 2.1 Model 1 This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A case study of fuel savings through optimisation of MSW transportation routes written by Gilberto Tavares, Zdena Zsigraiova, Viriato Semiao, Maria da Graà §a Carvalho published in 2008 in the Journal Management of Environmental Quality, Volume: 19 Issue: 4. At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work. 2.1.1 Waste management background in Cape Verde This study has been carried out for Cape Verde where the demographic growth, tourism and other economic activities are putting enormous pressure on government. There is still evident lack of development plans, the existing waste management being rather poor and characterized by inefficient collection systems. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008) Besides, the negative impact of untreated waste on public health and on public concern, which focused the attention of engineers and scientists on the quest for waste management solutions viewing the prevention of undesired environmental effects, economy plays also an important role on this activity. In fact, collection and transportation of waste can absorb as much as 75 per cent of the municipalities MSWM budget that are usually the institutions responsible for such activities. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008) One of the heavy costs present in MSWM systems is the fuel price and its consumption is inevitably associated with undesired pollutants emissions. Therefore, the minimisation of fuel consumption to perform waste collection and transportation to its treatment or final disposal brings enormous savings and environmental benefits. 2.1.2 GIS approach The methodology used comprised of three phases. Phase 1 The model of the terrain and the road network A 3D model of the entire island of Santo Antao, Cape Verde was produced based on a digitised map provided in CAD files. The 3D model is generated as polylines based on contour lines that reflect the actual relief of the terrain. Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst, the 3D road network is then generated from both the 2D road network and the terrain model complying with the road gradients. This methodology makes possible the generation of road networks in the appropriate form allowing for the calculation of all inclinations of each road segment, which permits to determine the fuel consumption for both road directions (uphill and downhill). The 3D digital model and the road network obtained allows the large variability of the relief to be observed. Phase 2 Calculation of actual fuel consumption Fuel consumption during waste collection and transportation is influenced by the travelled distance and by the actual operation conditions of a given vehicle. These effects are incorporated in the model through the methodology established by Ntziachristos and Samaras (2000) in COPERT, which is a computer programme to calculate emissions from transport vehicles on road. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008) Besides considering specific vehicle parameters, the methodology also takes into account different driving conditions, namely the type of the driving situation, the vehicle load and the road gradient. The gradient of a road increases, when positive, or decreases, when negative, the resistance of a vehicle to traction. Therefore, and because of their large masses, the power employed during the driving is the decisive parameter for the fuel consumption. Once calculated, the fuel consumption value for each route arc is stored in the spatial data base to be used later during the route solver procedure that searches for the route with minimum fuel consumption. Phase 3 Optimisation of vehicle routing The efficiency of a management system that is able to solve problems related to vehicles circulation in road networks can be measured through its capacity to obtain optimised routes. For a system of MSW transportation, this consists of generating an optimal route for a given vehicle so that the value of the selected cost criterion is minimised. For the calculation of the optimal routing, the model used herein makes recourse to ESRIs programs ArcGIS, ArcInfo and Network Analyst extension, and it finds the minimum defined impedance path through a network. In order to compare solutions and clarify the potential of the present methodology, the routes are optimised regarding either the lowest fuel consumption or the shortest distance. Findings The findings of the study showed that the optimisation for the lowest fuel consumption yields 52 per cent savings in fuel, when compared to that for the shortest distance, even travelling a 34 percent longer distance, which shows the importance of considering simultaneously the relief of the territory and the lowest fuel consumption criterion when optimising vehicle routes. 2.1.3 Critical views With such a supporting decision tool savings in fuel are huge, the efficiency of management systems is improved and the environmental impact during daily operation is reduced. The GIS 3D route modelling takes into account the effects of both the road inclination and the vehicle load. The originality of the work lies in the chosen approach. To optimize vehicle routes the criterion of minimum fuel consumption rather than the commonly used shortest distance is used, since fuel consumption is the factor reflecting actual costs relative to MSW management. 2.2 Model 2 This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A GIS Approach to Waste Management and Recycling in New York State. Written by Ghaly, Ashraf and published in 2009 in the journal Proceedings of the International Conference on Waste Technology Management, p1140-1150. At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work. 2.2.1 Purpose of the study Solid waste and recycling programs requires management of large databases including collection data, transfer, processing, disposal, export, import, and future planning. The body of information involved in the decision making process is too challenging to effectively mange due to the many components it contains. A GIS approach takes advantage of the spatial nature of data presentation to illustrate the areas of strength in the system and to identify the areas in need for improvement. Such a system is not only useful to managers and state officials but it also is easier for the public to comprehend and appreciate. GIS also makes it easier to measure success and detect trends, which ultimately help improve the system to better manage collection, sorting, and recycling facilities. (Ghaly A., 2009) The existing recycling programs are put in place to reduce the use of virgin materials from forests, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water pollution. These programs ultimate goal is to promote conservation and to encourage the members of the public to be active participants in this effort. This paper uses GIS to demonstrate, using maps, the current state of waste management and recycling efforts, future plans, and methods of measuring success across geographic boundaries. The paper concludes that a spatially-based management system offers advantages, which makes it superior to non-spatial systems. Data Collection This paper uses data published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for all the counties in the state to study the efficiency of the existing recycling programs and to find ways to optimize the use of landfills. This analysis is done for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), industrial waste, demolition and construction debris, and for waste exported out of the state to neighboring North East states. For better management of solid waste in the state of New York, the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) maintains a comprehensive database on waste composition, pattern of waste generation, and methods of disposal. The success of this operation depends on the quality and accuracy of data collected. This data helps in the decision making process regarding the transfer and processing of solid waste, disposal, import/export, recycling, and in making plans for the future. To contribute to these efforts, the Northeast Recycling Council (NERC) developed an Environmental Benefits Calculator which generates estimates of the environmental benefits based on the tonnages of recycled materials. Environmental benefits metrics involves quantifying the reduction in use of virgin materials from forests, oil supplies, and mines; reduction in energy consumption; reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; and the reduction of water pollution, and conservation of natural resources. These are all goals that DEC is interested in increasing awareness for. Waste management and recycling are impacted by economic and political factors. These factors add a layer of complexity to the data collection process. Some of the concerns related to these issues are solid waste migration of recyclables across geographic boundaries, which involve dealing with regulations of various agencies and governments. In addition, the diversity and variety of recyclable materials add to the difficulty of compliance with required transportation methods across boundary lines. Four Phase Plan The DEC developed ambitious plans for data collection and analysis. This plan is made of four phases: Phase 1: Fill in data gaps by enforcing reporting requirements; researching recyclables data available from transfer or disposal facilities; and seeking voluntary data from non-regulated recyclers. Phase 2: Validate/improve data by using metrics to compare data from Planning Units and facilities; auditing a sampling of annual reports; include data source checks at facility inspections; and investing in electronic reporting mechanisms. Phase 3: Develop State policies to improve recycling by updating regulations to foster increased recycling; using permit conditions to promote best practices; involving State agencies/facilities; and incorporating these ideas into the State SWM Plan. Phase 4: Work with Planning Units to grow recycling by establishing more recycling metrics; reestablishing State promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle); targeting higher recovery for paper and organics; and targeting outreach toward specific sectors such as government agencies, schools, and food service. Role of GIS in NYS Plan Data is the heart and soul of waste management analysis and future planning. In complying with their reporting requirements, the enormous number of facilities involved in waste management and recycling in NYS delivers tremendous amount of data. With its spatial nature as shown in the above maps, GIS can add a visual dimension to data that is otherwise too complex to comprehend. With more emphasis placed on enhancing reporting to comply with regulations, the bulk of the collected data is expected to increase and become more elaborate. It is believed that GIS with its excellent spatial techniques can help in the analysis phase and in the decision making process as well. Critical views A spatially-based geographic information system (GIS) for data management and analysis seems to be more capable of handling enormous amount of data similar to the volume collected by New York States Department of Environmental Conservation on solid waste and recycling activities in the state. With the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) aiming at improving reporting and analysis for better management, GIS can offer the tool necessary to accomplish these tasks with efficiency and ease. Based on this model, GIS can be used to collect data in respect of the type and volume of recyclable materials around the island of Mauritius. We can thus better plan the collection of recyclable wastes. 2.3 Model 3 This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection: The Case of Sinza Neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Written by Alphonce Kyessi and Victoria Mwakalinga and published in 2009 in the journal FIG Working Week 2009. At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work. In this paper Alphonce Kyessi used GIS in ROUTING EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SINZA A NEIGHBOURHOOD IN DAR ES SALAAM. 6.1 Location Sinza A is one of five residential neighbourhoods of Sinza ward in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam. Accommodation about 5,000 people, the neighbourhood is located about 12 kilometres from the Dar es Salaam city centre. The Kinondoni Municipal Council had contracted private companies and civil societies organisations in the collection of solid waste in residential neighbourhoods. Kimangele Company Limited is one of those private contractors. The routing system for Kimangele Company was studied in detail to assess the solid waste collection efficiency as shown in Figure 5 and 6. Figure 5: Location of Sinza A area for Kimangele Contractor Source: Mwakalinga, 2005 Kimangele plies from house to house to establish a solid waste collection system known as bring system in Sinza A. The bring system is done in big catchment areas i.e. above 50 metres in radius. Waste generation and collection Sinza A consisted of 876 households (Mwakalinga, 2005). Generally the area generates about 14.5 tonnes of waste per day. The waste composes of plastics, tins, organic food waste, packaging materials, clothes, metals and bottles. Out of the waste generated, the contractor collects 8.4 tonnes from households. The rest About 5.1 tonnes (47.7%) of waste are collected by informal collectors (using wooden carts) to designated collection centres. The rest (about 1 tonne) is haphazardly dumped in rivers, on roads sides, burnt or buried. About 160 households are not members of house to house collection service; they prefer using the informal collectors instead of the contractors trucks. When interviewed, these households complained of ineffective collection system by the Contractor. One of the given reasons was that the truck was not following the rout as agreed. Others households said the collection charge of TShs. 2000/= per household was too high. They were ready to pay only TShs. 500/= per house regardless the number households in the house. Figure 6: Collection Systems as applied by Kimangele Company in Sinza A Source: Mwakalinga, 2005 When the Contractor was interviewed in 2005, he replied that, out of 716 households he was serving only 70% paid the refuse collection charges (Mwakalinga, 2005). According to Figure 8 below, there are some areas where the truck drives twice creating overlaps. Normally, a truck stands at a pick-up point, about 50 meters from the other. In other circumstances, the distance is more than 50 metres, and as a result more waiting time by the truck is needed indicating that the whole system of waste collection was foiled. Work Organisation The collection frequency by Kimangele was done twice a week i.e. Wednesdays and Saturdays. The service starts at 6.30 am to 5.30pm. The truck was making two trips on each day due to the amount of waste generated and the ability of the truck to carry the waste. The route for the first trip starts at Superstar area and ends at Kivulini through Sam Nujoma road to Mtoni kwa Kabuma dump site, about 30 kilometres away (see Figure 7). The route for the second trip passes through Morogoro road via Shekilango road; the first point in this trip is Super Star Street ending at cafà © Latino Street. Thereafter the route enters Sam Nujoma road to the main dump site, Mtoni kwa Kabuma. Figure 7: Existing Route for Kimangele Company in Sinza A Neighbourhood 6.4